Roland:Culture

Definition

An ‘Artist’ is a ‘Creator’ that ‘is the creator’ some ‘Artwork’

Examples

Aelbert Cuyp, as painter of “The Maas at Dordrecht”

Joseph Beuys, as artist of “7000 Oaks”

Valie Export, as artist of “Tapp- und Tast-Kino”

Definition

An ‘Artwork’ is a ‘Cultural expression’ that ‘has as a creator’ some ‘Artist’

Examples

Hugo Ball’s poem “Karawane”

Kara Walker’s sculpture “A Subtlety”

Richard Wagner’s opera cycle “Der Ring des Nibelungen”

Definition

An ‘Audience’ is a ‘Population’ that ‘participates in’ some ‘Cultural event’

Examples

The crowd assembled to hear John F. Kennedy’s “Ich bin ein Berliner” speech on June 26, 1963

Theater-goers watching a screening of a film

Definition

An ‘Author’ is a ‘Creator’ that ‘is the creator of’ some ‘Text’

Examples

Emily Dickinson, as author of “A Coffin — is a small Domain,”

Frantz Fanon, as author of “Les Damnés de la Terre”

Michel Foucault, as author of “L’archéologie du savoir”

Definition

A ‘Collector’ is a ‘Contributor’ that ‘is a contributor to’ some ‘Cultural collection’

Examples

Herb and Dorothy Vogel, as collectors of contempory art

Langley Wakeman Collyer, as hoarder of books, furniture, musical instruments, and ephemera

Marguerite “Peggy” Guggenheim, as collector of Modernist art

Definition

A ‘Composer’ is a ‘Creator’ that ‘is creator of’ some ‘Score’

Examples

George Crumb, as composer of the “Makrokosmos” series

Johann Pachelbel, as composer of “Canon and Gigue for 3 violins and basso continuo”

Merce Cunningham, as choreographer of “Suite for Five”

Definition

A ‘Copy’ is a ‘Cultural artifact’ that ‘is a copy of’ some ‘Material entity’

Examples

A compact disc copy of The Beatle’s recording “Abbey Road”

A copy the first Obelisk edition of Hentry Miller’s “Tropic of Cancer”

The plaster cast reproduction of Trajan’s Column held by the Victoria and Albert Museum in London

Definition

A ‘Cultural artifact’ is an ‘Artifact’ that ‘concretizes’ some ‘Cultural expression’ or ‘is culturally derived from’ some ‘Abstract entity’ or ‘Material entity’

Examples

A copy of “Action Comics #1”

The statue of Shiva Nataraja in the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago

Walter De Maria’s site-specific installation “The New York Earth Room”

Definition

A ‘Cultural collection’ is a ‘Collection’ that ‘has as a member’ some ‘Cultural artifact’ and ‘has as a contributor’ some ‘Collector’ or ‘Curator’

Elucidation

A ‘Cultural collection’ should not be conflated with the location or structure that contains it.

Examples

The Archivum Secretum Apostolicum Vaticanum

The al-Wangari Manuscript Library

Definition

A ‘Cultural event’ is an ‘Activity’ that ‘has as a contributor’ some ‘Contributor’ and ‘has as a particpant’ some ‘Audience’ and ‘is culturally derived from’ some ‘Cultural expression’, ‘Cultural practice’, or ‘Performance’

Examples

A performance at the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater

The Trips Festival at Longshoreman’s Hall, San Francisco, in January of 1966

The ringing of church bells to mark a Christian wedding

Definition

A ‘Cultural expression’ is an ‘Abstract entity’ that ‘has as a contributor’ some ‘Contributor’ that is a ‘Sentient agent’, and ‘is realized by’ some ‘Cultural practice’

Examples

Aphra Behn’s play “The Rover or The Banish’d Cavaliers”

Jim Henson’s franchise “The Muppets”

Sonny Sharrock’s song “Bialero”

Definition

A ‘Cultural practice’ is an ‘Activity’ that ‘has as a participant’ some ‘Sentient agent’ or ‘has as a contributor’ some ‘Contributor’ that is a ‘Sentient agent’ and ‘realizes’ some ‘Cultural expression’

Elucidation

A ‘Cultural practice’ may be identified with one or more instances of a ‘Cultural event’. Unlike a ‘Cultural event’ — which is at least temporally contiguous — a ‘Cultural practice’ may be spatiotemporally scattered.

For example, consider the case of Roman jurisprudence as codified in the “Corpus Juris Civilis” (or “Code of Justinian”), which fell out of use in Western Europe during the 8th Century C.E., only to be rediscovered (and treated as an informative and influential text, not mere historical curiosity) some centuries later.

Examples

A national monetary system

The oral tradition of Greek epic poetry

West coast hip-hop

Definition

A ‘Curator’ is a ‘Contributor’ that ‘is a contributor to’ some ‘Exhibition’, or ‘participates in’ some ‘Activity’ that ‘realizes’ some ‘Cultural collection’

Examples

Anne d’Harnoncourt, as Curator of Twentieth Century Art for the Philadelphia Museum of Art

Harald Szeemann, as curator of the exhibition “When Attitudes Become Form”

Kynaston McShine, as curator of the Jewish Museum

Definition

A ‘Depiction’ is a ‘Cultural artifact’ that ‘is a depiction of’ some ‘Entity’

Examples

A magnetoencephalograph recording of brain activity

Ansel Adams’ photograph of Bridalveil Fall

Galileo’s 1616 drawing of the planet Saturn

Definition

A ‘Documentation’ is a ‘Cultural expression’ that ‘has as a contributor’ some ‘Contributor’ and ‘is derived from’ some ‘Entity’

Elucidation

‘Documentation’ may take the form a ‘Text’, an ‘Artwork’, or any other type of ‘Cultural expression’. However, by convention, the primary purpose of ‘Documentation’ is to provide an account of some other ‘Entity’.

Examples

Barack Obama’s birth certificate

Greil Marcus’ review of Bob Dylan’s recording “Self-Portrait”

Stewart Home’s account of Kiki Bonbon’s (apocryphal) Neoist film “Flying Cats”

Definition

A ‘Draft’ is a ‘Cultural artifact’ that ‘is a draft of’ some ‘Artwork’, ‘Score’, or ‘Text’

Elucidation

By convention, a ‘Draft’ is considered to be indirectly antecedent to a “finished” mainfestation of an ‘Artwork’, ‘Score’ or ‘Text’. The final manifestation may differ drastically from any given ‘Draft’.

By contrast, a ‘Proof’ is considered to be directly antecedent to a finished manifestation. Typically, only minor (if any) corrections are made to the work following the creation of a ‘Proof’.

Examples

The first draft of Ernest Hemingway’s “The Old Man and the Sea”

The handwritten manuscript of Virginia Woolf’s “Mrs. Dalloway”

Thomas Jefferson’s “original Rough draught” of the United States Declaration of Independence

Definition

An ‘Edition’ is a ‘Cultural artifact’ that ‘is an edition of’ some ‘Artwork’, ‘Score’, or ‘Text’

Examples

Edition #7 (of 8) of Constantin Brancusi’s “Mademoiselle Pogany II”

Screenprint #9 (of 250) of Andy Warhol’s “Vote McGovern”

The first Shinchosha edition of Haruki Murakami’s “Dorobō kasasagi hen”

Definition

An ‘Editor’ is a ‘Contributor’ that ‘influences’ some ‘Activity’ that ‘realizes’ some ‘Text’ or ‘Cultural artifact’

Examples

Gordon Lish, as editor of the Raymond Carver short story collection “What We Talk About When We Talk About Love”

Jill Abramson, as executive editor of The New York Times

Walter Murch, as editor of the film “The Unbearable Lightness of Being”

Definition

An ‘Exhibition’ is a ‘Cultural expression’ that ‘has as a contributor’ some ‘Curator’ and ‘is culturally derived from’ some ‘Performance’ or ‘Cultural artifact’

Elucidation

Note that an ‘Exhibition’ is not a singular ‘Cultural event’. An ‘Exhibition’ can “travel” — that is, it can be made manifest at different times in different locations.

Examples

The 1989 China Avant-Garde Exhibition

The Salon des Refusés

dOCUMENTA (13)

Elucidation

Note that a ‘Performance’ can be the realization of a ‘Score’, or can be purely improvisational.

Examples

A ‘Performance’ is an ‘Activity’ that ‘has as a contributor’ some ‘Performer’ and ‘realizes’ some ‘Score’ or ‘is culturally derived from’ some ‘Cultural practice’

Murakami Saburō’s “Passing Through” action

Nipsey Russell’s portrayal of the Tin Man in Sidney Lumet’s film “The Wiz”

The Grateful Dead’s performance of the song “All New Minglewood Blues” at Barton Hall, Cornell University on May 8, 1977

Definition

A ‘Performer’ is a ‘Contributor’ who ‘participates in‘ some ‘Performance’

Examples

Charlotte Moorman, performing “TV Cello” as part of Nam June Paik‘s “Global Groove”

Glenn Dicterow, performing as first chair violin in the New York Philharmonic Orchestra

Jessica Tandy, performing as “Mouth” in Alan Schneider’s production of Samuel Beckett‘s “Not I”

Definition

An ‘Edition’ is a ‘Cultural artifact’ that ‘is an edition of’ some ‘Artwork’, ‘Score’, or ‘Text’

Elucidation

By convention, a ‘Proof’ is considered to be directly antecedent to a “finished” manifestation of an ‘Artwork’, ‘Score’, or ‘Text’. Typically, only minor (if any) corrections are made to the work following the creation of a ‘Proof’.

By contrast, a ‘Draft’ is considered to be indirectly antecedent to a “finished” manifestaion. The final work may differ drastically from any given ‘Draft’.

Examples

The “epreuve d’essai” of Pablo Picasso’s “Portrait d’Homme à la Fraise, Variation d’aprè El Greco”

The artist’s proof of Nan Goldin’s photograph “Monopoly game, NYC”

Definition

A ‘Score’ is a ‘Cultural expression’ that ‘has as a creator’ some ‘Composer’

Examples

John Cage’s work “A Dip in the Lake: Ten Quicksteps, Sixty-two Waltzes, and Fifty-six Marches for Chicago and Vicinity”

Mark Mothersbaugh’s specification of the music accompanying the film “Rushmore”

Sarah Michelson’s choreography for “Devotion Study #1 — The American Dancer”

Definition

A ‘Text’ is a ‘Cultural expression’ that ‘has as a creator’ some ‘Author’

Examples

The lyrics of the American folk song “In the Pines”

The terms and policies for the use of the online service provided by Facebook Inc.

Thomas Pynchon’s novel “Gravity’s Rainbow”

Elucidation

The distinction between a ‘Version’ of a work and new (yet derived) work is often unclear, and no attempt is made to define it here. However, such a distinction clearly exists. For example, few would argue that DJ Shadow’s recording “Organ Donor” is a ‘Version’ of Giorgio’s recording “Tears,” despite the fact the former heavily samples (and is obviously similar to) the latter.

Examples

Shakespeare in the Park’s 1962 staging of “The Merchant of Venice”

Version 5.0.0 of the Protégé ontology editor

John Morales’ remix of Loleatta Holloway’s recording “Dreamin”

Definition

‘has artist’ is a relationship of possessing a party providing primary influence over the material, contextual, or conceptual substance that holds between some ‘Artwork’, ‘Score’, or ‘Text’ and some ‘Artist’

Example

The sculpture “Nierozpoznani” ‘has as an artist’ Magdalena Abakanowicz

Definition

‘has author’ is a relationship of possessing a party providing primary influence over the material, contextual, or conceptual substance that holds between some ‘Text’ and some ‘Author’

Example

The novella “Billy Budd” ‘has as an author’ Herman Melville

Definition

‘has collector’ is a relationship of possessing an active influencer upon material, contextual, or conceptual substance that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some ‘Collector’

Example

Robert Rauschenberg’s assemblage “Canyon” ‘has as a collector’ Ileana Sonnabend

Examples

‘has composer’ is a relationship of possessing a party providing primary influence over the material, contextual, or conceptual substance that holds between some ‘Score’ and some ‘Composer’

The musical work “Fanfare for the Common Man” ‘has as a composer’ Aaron Copland

Definition

‘has copy’ is a relationship of possessing a direct derivation that holds between some ‘Material entity’ and some ‘Copy’

Elucidation

Though a ‘Copy’ and a “derivation” (for which this vocabulary has no formal class) are conceptually similar, there are two key differences.

First, a ‘Copy’ is sufficiently similar to its source entity to be “nearly identical” in a colloquial sense. This similarity is subject to a given level of scale and granularity. For example, a photograph of a photograph could be “nearly identical” to its source at mesoscopic scale, but would almost certainly be vastly different from its source at microscopic scale.

Second, the creation of a ‘Copy’ implies intentionality. Copies are the result of actions undertaken by sentient agents, whereas derivations need not be. For example, both a fossil and a pattern left in the sand by ocean waves could be considered “derivations”, though neither result from intentional actions.

Definition

‘has cultural artifact’ is a relationship of possessing a derivation or concretization that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some ‘Cultural artifact’

Example

The Roman Catholic tradition of veneration ‘has as a cultural artifact’ “The Chains of St. Peter”

Definition

‘has cultural derivation’ is a relationship of possessing a direct or indirect development that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some ‘Cultural expression’, ‘Cultural practice’, or ‘Cultural artifact’

Example

The design of the Medieval lute ‘has as a cultural derivation’ the design of the electric guitar

Definition

‘has curator’ is a relationship of possessing an active influencer upon material, contextual, or conceptual substance that holds between some ‘Cultural collection’ or ‘Exhibition’ and some ‘Curator’

Example

The Städtisches Museum Abteiberg ‘has as a curator’ Johannes Cladders

Definition

‘has depiction’ is a relationship of possessing a representative derivation that holds between some ‘Abstract entity’ or ‘Material entity’ and some ‘Depiction’

Definition

‘has draft’ is a relationship of possessing an indirect developmental derivation that holds between some ‘Artwork’, ‘Score’, or ‘Text’ and some ‘Draft’

Example

William Faulkner’s Nobel Prize acceptance ‘has as a draft’ the handwritten manuscript begun at the Algonquin Hotel in 1949

Definition

‘has edition’ is a relationship of possessing a direct derivation that holds between some ‘Artwork’, ‘Score’, or ‘Text’ and some ‘Edition’

Example

John Barth’s novel “Giles Goat-Boy” ‘has as an edition’ the Third Fawcett Crest printing of July 1968

Definition

‘has editor’ is a relationship of possessing an active influencer upon material, contextual, or conceptual substance that holds between some ‘Artwork’, ‘Score’, or ‘Text’ and some ‘Editor’

Examples

The Andrei Tarkovsky film “Mirror” ‘has as an editor’ Lyudmila Feiginova

The collection of essays “Formal Theories of the Commonsense World” ‘has as an editor’ Jerry R. Hobbs

Definition

‘has performer’ is a relationship of possessing an active influencer upon material, contextual, or conceptual substance that holds between some ‘Performance’ and some ‘Performer’

Example

The acting in Peter Brook’s film “The Persecution and Assassination of Jean-Paul Marat as Performed by the Inmates of the Asylum of Charenton Under the Direction of the Marquis de Sade” ‘has as a performer’ Glenda Jackson

Definition

‘has proof’ is a relationship of possessing a direct developmental derivation that holds between some ‘Artwork’, ‘Score’, or ‘Text’ and some ‘Proof’

Example

Alberto Giacometti’s sculpture “Walking Man I” ‘has as a proof’ the bronze cast proof inscribed “FONDATION MAEGHT”

Definition

‘has related documentation’ is a relationship of possessing an association that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some ‘Documentation’

Example

The Apple Computer software program ResEdit ‘has as related documentation’ the ResEdit Reference

Definition

‘has related exhibition’ is a relationship of possessing an association that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some ‘Exhibition’

Example

The Richard Serra sculpture “7 Plates, 6 Angles” ‘has as a related exhibition’ “New Sculpture” at the Gagosian Gallery in New York City

Definition

‘has version’ is a relationship of possessing a derivation that holds between some ‘Abstract entity’ or ‘Material entity’ and some ‘Version’

Example

The Jacob Miller recording “Baby I Love You So” ‘has as a version’ the King Tubby recording “King Tubby Meets The Rockers Uptown”

Definition

‘is artist of’ is a relationship of primary influence upon material, contextual, or conceptual substance that holds between some ‘Artist’ and some ‘Artwork’, ‘Score’, or ‘Text’

Example

Max Ernst ‘is an artist of’ the painting “The Elephant Celebes”

Definition

‘is author of’ is a relationship of primary influence upon material, contextual, or conceptual substance that holds between some ‘Author’ and some ‘Text’

Example

Zora Neale Hurston ‘is an author of’ the novel “Their Eyes Were Watching God”

Definition

‘is collector of’ is a relationship of active influence upon material, contextual, or conceptual substance that holds between some ‘Collector’ and some ‘Entity’

Example

Lars Ulrich ‘is a collector of’ Jean-Michel Basquiat’s painting “Untitled (Boxer)”

Definition

‘is composer of’ is a relationship of primary influence upon material, contextual, or conceptual substance that holds between some ‘Composer’ and some ‘Score’

Example

Carl Orff ‘is a composer of’ the musical work “Gassenhauer nach Hans Neusiedler”

Definition

‘is copy of’ is a relationship of direct derivation that holds between some ‘Copy’ and some ‘Material entity’

Example

“The Pentagon Papers” released by Daniel Ellsburg ‘is a copy of’ “United States – Vietnam Relations, 1945–1967: A Study Prepared by the Department of Defense”

Definition

‘is cultural artifact of’ is a relationship of derivation or concretization that holds between some ‘Cultural artifact’ and some ‘Entity’

Example

Ralung Monastery ‘is a cultural artifact of’ Tibetan Buddhism

Definition

‘is culturally derived from’ is a relationship of direct or indirect development that holds between some ‘Cultural expression’, ‘Cultural practice’, or ‘Cultural artifact’ and some ‘Entity’

Example

The game of chess ‘is culturally derived from’ the ancient Indian game Chaturanga

Definition

‘is curator of’ is a relationship of active influence upon material, contextual, or conceptual substance that holds between some ‘Curator’ and some ‘Cultural collection’ or ‘Exhibition’

Example

Lucy Lippard ‘is a curator of’ the exhibition “557,087”

Definition

‘is depiction of’ is a relationship of representative derivation that holds between some ‘Depiction’ and some ‘Entity’

Example

“La Sortie des usines Lumière à Lyon” ‘is a depiction of’ the end of the workday at the Lumiere factory in Lyon, France

Definition

‘is draft of’ is a relationship of indirect developmental derivation that holds between some ‘Draft’ and some ‘Artwork’, ‘Score’, or ‘Text’

Example

Alexander Calder’s “Maquette for Flamingo” ‘is a draft of’ his 16-meter tall outdoor sculpture “Flamingo”

Definition

‘is edition of’ is a relationship of possessing a direct derivation that holds between some ‘Edition’ and some ‘Artwork’, ‘Score’, or ‘Text’

Example

The 35-millimeter print of “Dr. Strangelove” ‘is an edition of’ Stanley Kubrick’s film “Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb”

Definition

‘is editor of’ is a relationship of active influence upon material, contextual, or conceptual substance that holds between some ‘Editor’ and some ‘Artwork’, ‘Score’, or ‘Text’

Example

Benjamin C. Bradlee ‘is an editor of’ the newspaper “The Washington Post”

Definition

‘is performer of’ is a relationship of active influence upon material, contextual, or conceptual substance that holds between some ‘Performer’ and some ‘Performance’

Example

Bootsy Collins ‘is a performer of’ the song “Super Bad”

Definition

‘is proof of’ is a relationship of direct developmental derivation that holds between some ‘Proof’ and some ‘Artwork’, ‘Score’, or ‘Text’

Example

Artist’s Proof 1 of 10 of “Cyclamen III” ‘is a proof of’ Ellsworth Kelly’s “Cyclamen III”

Definition

‘is related documentation of’ is a relationship of association that holds between some ‘Documentation’ and some ‘Entity’

Example

Richard Sealey’s book “How to keep your Volkswagen alive: or Poor Richard’s Rabbit book, being a manual of step by step procedures for the complet idiot” ‘is related documentation of’ 1974 – 1984 Volkswagen Rabbit automobiles

Definition

‘is related exhibition of’ is a relationship of association that holds between some ‘Exhibition’ and some ‘Entity’

Example

The Metropolitan Museum of Art exhibition “Rembrandt at Work: The Great Self-Portrait From Kenwood House” ‘is a related exhibition of’ the painter Rembrandt van Rijn

Definition

‘is version of’ is a relationship of derivation that holds between some ‘Version’ and some ‘Abstract entity’ or ‘Material entity’

Example

Johnny Cash’s song “Folsom Prison Blues” ‘is a version of’ Gordon Jenkins’ song “Crescent City Blues”

Definition

‘has copy count’ is a relationship of quantification that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some integer

Elucidation

Note that this property is intended to be applied to the ‘Thing’ from which the ‘Copy’ is derived.

Definition

‘has copy info’ is a relationship of description that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some PlainLiteral or integer

Elucidation

Note that this property is intended to be applied to the ‘Entity’ from which the ‘Copy’ is derived.

Definition

‘has depiction count’ is a relationship of quantification that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some integer

Elucidation

Note that this property is intended to be applied to the ‘Entity’ from which the ‘Depiction’ is derived.

Definition

‘has depiction info’ is a relationship of description that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some PlainLiteral or integer

Elucidation

Note that this property is intended to be applied to the ‘Entity’ from which the ‘Depiction’ is derived.

Definition

‘has draft info’ is a relationship of description that holds between some ‘Artwork’, ‘Score’, or ‘Text’ and some integer

Elucidation

Note that this property is intended to be applied to the ‘Artwork’, ‘Score’, or ‘Text’ derived from some ‘Draft’.

Definition

‘has draft info’ is a relationship of description that holds between some ‘Artwork’, ‘Score’, or ‘Text’ and some PlainLiteral or integer

Elucidation

Note that this property is intended to be applied to the ‘Artwork’, ‘Score’, or ‘Text’ derived from some ‘Draft’.

Definition

‘has edition count’ is a relationship of quantification that holds between some ‘Cultural expression’ and some integer

Elucidation

Note that this property is intended to be applied to the ‘Cultural expression’ from which some ‘Edition’ is derived.

Definition

‘has edition info’ is a relationship of description that holds between some ‘Cultural expression’ or ‘Edition’ and some PlainLiteral or integer

Definition

‘has edition number’ is a relationship of identification that holds between some ‘Edition’ and some integer

Definition

‘has edition status’ is a relationship of description that holds between some ‘Edition’ and some PlainLiteral

Definition

‘has proof count’ is a relationship of description that holds between some ‘Artwork’, ‘Score’, or ‘Text’ and some integer

Elucidation

Note that this property is intended to be applied to the ‘Artwork’, ‘Score’, or ‘Text’ derived from some ‘Proof’.

Definition

‘has proof info’ is a relationship of description that holds between some ‘Artwork’, ‘Score’, or ‘Text’ and some PlainLiteral or integer

Elucidation

Note that this property is intended to be applied to the ‘Artwork’, ‘Score’, or ‘Text’ derived from some ‘Proof’.

Definition

‘has title’ is a relationship of identification that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some PlainLiteral

Elucidation

While not formally restricted, “titles” (in the sense meant here) are typically reserved for cultural entities (books, works or art, etc).

Definition

‘has version info’ is a relationship of description that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some PlainLiteral, decimal, or integer

Definition

‘has version info’ is a relationship of description that holds between some ‘Version’ and some decimal or integer