]> 2015-04-29 0.1 [2015-04-29] — Initial posting Created with Protégé 5.0.0. In annotations, classes and properties are cited using single quotes. For the sake of readability, the text of these citations sometimes varies slightly from the labels of the referent classes or properties (typically: articles, prepositions, and suffixes indicating plurality are added). Jereme Mongeon Roland Vocabulary Project Roland:Top Roland:Top is an “upper” vocabulary describing various basic types and relations. rtp has dimension ‘has dimension’ is a relationship of spatiotemporal extension that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some ‘Dimension’ The Kola Superdeep Borehole ‘has as a dimension’ depth The Mètre des Archives ‘has as a dimension’ length bounds ‘bounds’ is a relationship of abstract demarcation that holds between some ‘Boundary’ and some ‘Event’, ‘Location’, or ‘Space’ The Mason-Dixon Line ‘bounds’ the states of Pennsylvania and Maryland The Neoproterozoic Era ‘bounds’ the Precambrian Eon spatially bounds ‘spatially bounds’ is a relationship of abtract demarcation that holds between some ‘Spatial boundary’ and some ‘Location’ or ‘Space’ The line demarked by the 40 milestones placed by Major Andrew Ellicott ‘spatially bounds’ the original District of Columbia temporally bounds ‘temporally bounds’ is a relationship of abtract demarcation that holds between some ‘Temporal boundary’ and some ‘Event’ The dissolution of the Soviet Union ‘temporally bounds’ the Cold War concretizes ‘concretizes’ is a relationship of material instantiation that holds between some ‘Material entity’ and some ‘Abstract entity’ The first Samuel Weiser paperback edition of “The Book of Lies” ‘concretizes’ Aleister Crowley’s text “The Book of Lies” A marking of the numeral “1” ‘concretizes’ the integer 1 constrains ‘constrains’ is a relationship of required restriction that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some ‘Entity’ Gravity ‘constrains’ the amount of force needed to launch a rocket into orbit around the Earth The rules of the game of basketball ‘constrain’ the plays admissible in any given game of basketball contains ‘contains’ is a relationship of inclusion that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some ‘Entity’ ‘contains’ is intended primarily for use with abstract, material, or spatial entities. Inclusion relationships for temporal entities are best dealt with using ‘temporally contains’ or (its inverse) ‘is temporally during’. The Frank O’Hara poem “Having a Coke with You” ‘contains’ the line “it seems they were all cheated of some marvelous experience” The heliosphere ‘contains’ the Earth ‘contains’ is intended primarily for use with abstract, material, or spatial entities. Inclusion relationships for temporal entities are best dealt with using ‘temporally contains’ or (its inverse) ‘is temporally during’. partially contains ‘partially contains’ is a relationship of incomplete inclusion that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some ‘Entity’ A (typical) vase ‘partially contains’ a (typical) flower stem An overflowing bathtub ‘partially contains’ the water that is flowing out of it wholly contains ‘wholly contains’ is a relationship of complete inclusion that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some ‘Entity’ A diving suit ‘wholly contains’ its occupant An orange ‘wholly contains’ its seeds has adjacency ‘has adjacency’ is a relationship of posessing a proximity that holds between some ‘Space’ or ‘Material entity’ and some ‘Space’ or ‘Material entity’ The Gulf of Mexico ‘has as an adjacency’ the Caribbean Sea The space bar on a QWERTY keyboard ‘has as an adjacency’ the “M” key has agent ‘has agent’ is a relationship of possessing an active influencer that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some ‘Agent’ The LGM-30A Minuteman-I intercontinental ballistic missile ‘has as an agent’ an Autonetics D-17 guidance computer The art exhibition “Primary Structures” ‘has as an agent’ Kynaston McShine has connection ‘has connection’ is a relationship of possessing a mutual inclusion that holds between some ‘Material entity’ or ‘Space’ and some ‘Material entity’ or ‘Space’ The Atlantic Ocean ‘has as a connection’ the Panama Canal The area directly above Moline, Illinois ‘has as a connection’ (part of) the area directly above the Mississippi River Underlying the notion of connection is the idea that connected entities mutually include some (possibly infinitesimal) area of overlap. Often, this area of overlap will be that corresponding with a ‘Boundary’ created by a ‘Sentient agent’ (as in, for example, when we say that “Iraq is connected to Iran”). has functional relationship with ‘has functional relationship with’ is a relationship of posessing a role-based coherence that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some ‘Entity’ A stove ‘has a functional relationship with’ a kitchen Alex Rodriguez (as a shortstop) ‘has a functional relationship with’ the New York Yankees (as a baseball team) The use of the word “functional” in this property’s (English) label should not be confused with the use of the same word in the OWL 2 syntax. has generically related entity ‘has generically related entity’ is a relationship of possessing an unqualified association that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some ‘Entity’ Sigmund Freud ‘has as a generically related entity’ Ed Bernays The Staten Island Ferry ‘has as a generically related entity’ the St. George Terminal has referent ‘has referent’ is a relationship of posessing a description or mention that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some ‘Entity’ The “T and O Map” of Beatus of Liébana ‘has as a referent’ the planet Earth The 1973 documentary film “Wattstax” ‘has as a referent’ the 1972 Wattstax music festival in Los Angeles, California has related event ‘has related event’ is a relationship of possessing a temporally-qualified association that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some ‘Event’ The exhibition “James Turrell” at the The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum ‘has as a related event’ the press preview on June 20, 2013 has material dependent ‘has material dependent’ is a relationship of providing existential reliance that holds between some ‘Material entity’ and some ‘Mass’, ‘Material quality’, ‘Portion’, or ‘Surface’ A shot of bourbon ‘has as a material dependent’ the flavor of that bourbon has measurement ‘has measurement’ is a relationship of possessing a quantification that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some ‘Measurement’ The Burj Khalifa ‘has as a measurement’ 829.8 meters tall has part ‘has part’ is a relationship of mereological possession that holds between some ‘Aggregate’ and some ‘Part’ A (typical) human arm ‘has as a part’ some forearm Note that any entity may be described in terms of consisting of a ‘Part’ that is coextensive or coterminous with itself. Any such description expresses a relationship of “non-proper parthood”. The conception of parthood in Roland:Top is largely derived from the work of Morton E. Winston et al. in “A Taxonomy of Part-Whole Relations”. The television series “Lost” ‘has as a part’ the episode “Some Like It Hoth” Morton E. Winston, Roger Chaffin, and Douglas Herrmann, “A Taxonomy of Part-Whole Relations,” Cognitive Science 11 (1987): 417 – 444. The conception of parthood in Roland:Top is largely derived from the work of Morton E. Winston et al. in “A Taxonomy of Part-Whole Relations”. Note that any entity may be described in terms of consisting of a ‘Part’ that is coextensive or coterminous with itself. Any such description expresses a relationship of “non-proper parthood”. has proper part ‘has proper part’ is a relationship of proper mereological possession that holds between some ‘Aggregate’ and some ‘Part’ A (typical) primate hand ‘has as a proper part’ some finger The Beatles recording “Abbey Road” ‘has as a proper part’ the recording of the song “Mean Mister Mustard” The computation contraints of Description Logic preclude properties from being both transitive and irreflexive. Therefore, “proper parthood” relations are not transitive. The inferential outcome of this is that relational chains of proper parthood will only exist when explicitly declared. However, because “proper parthood” relations are sub-properties of generic “parthood” relations (which are transitive), non-proper parthood will be inferred in a transitive manner. While not formalized here, it is assumed that the object of a ‘has proper part’ relation is a mereological sum that is smaller than (“is less than”) the mereological sum of the subject. has action ‘has action’ is a relationship of mereological possession that holds between some ‘Activity’ and some ‘Action’ The (typical) celebration of American independence ‘has as an action’ the lighting of fireworks has proper action ‘has proper action’ is a relationship of proper mereological possession that holds between some ‘Activity’ and some ‘Action’ For details on the distinction between “proper” and “non-proper” parthood, refer to the elucidations for the propery ‘has proper part’. The vocalization of the English word “value” ‘has as a proper action’ the articulation of the voiced labiodental fricative “v” For details on the distinction between “proper” and “non-proper” parthood, refer to the elucidations for the propery ‘has proper part’. has area ‘has area’ is a relationship of mereological possession that holds between some ‘Place’ and some ‘Area’ The city of Tokyo ‘has as an area’ the neighborhood of Shimokitazawa has proper area ‘has proper area’ is a relationship of proper mereological possession that holds between some ‘Place’ and some ‘Area’ For details on the distinction between “proper” and “non-proper” parthood, refer to the elucidations for the propery ‘has proper part’. The Printer’s Row neighborhood of the city of Chicago ‘has as a proper area’ the intersection of West Harrison Street and South Plymouth Court For details on the distinction between “proper” and “non-proper” parthood, refer to the elucidations for the propery ‘has proper part’. has component ‘has component’ is a relationship of mereological possession that holds between some ‘Integral object’ and some ‘Component’ A Bolex Auto Cine A camera ‘has as a component’ a 25mm Anastigmat f/3.5 lens has proper component ‘has proper component’ is a relationship of proper mereological possession that holds between some ‘Integral object’ and some ‘Component’ A John Deere 643K Wheeled Feller Buncher ‘has as a proper component’ an 18-tooth saw For details on the distinction between “proper” and “non-proper” parthood, refer to the elucidations for the propery ‘has proper part’. For details on the distinction between “proper” and “non-proper” parthood, refer to the elucidations for the propery ‘has proper part’. has member ‘has member’ is a relationship of mereological possession that holds between some ‘Collection’ and some ‘Member’ The works of Aristotle (taken as a collection) ‘have as a member’ the “Categoriae” has proper member ‘has proper member’ is a relationship of proper mereological possession that holds between some ‘Collection’ and some ‘Member’ For details on the distinction between “proper” and “non-proper” parthood, refer to the elucidations for the propery ‘has proper part’. Grant Morrison’s “Doom Patrol” stories ‘have as a proper member’ the story “Planet Love” For details on the distinction between “proper” and “non-proper” parthood, refer to the elucidations for the propery ‘has proper part’. has portion ‘has portion’ is a relationship of mereological possession that holds between some ‘Mass’ and some ‘Portion’ A sand dune ‘has as a portion’ the lower half of that dune has proper portion ‘has proper portion’ is a relationship of proper mereological possession that holds between some ‘Mass’ and some ‘Portion’ A loaf of bread ‘has as a proper portion’ the heel of that loaf For details on the distinction between “proper” and “non-proper” parthood, refer to the elucidations for the propery ‘has proper part’. For details on the distinction between “proper” and “non-proper” parthood, refer to the elucidations for the propery ‘has proper part’. has substance ‘has substance’ is a relationship of mereological possession that holds between some ‘Aggregate’ and some ‘Substance’ An oak table ‘has as a substance’ wood has proper substance ‘has proper substance’ is a relationship of proper mereological possession that holds between some ‘Aggregate’ and some ‘Substance’ A steel beam ‘has as a proper substance’ carbon For details on the distinction between “proper” and “non-proper” parthood, refer to the elucidations for the propery ‘has proper part’. For details on the distinction between “proper” and “non-proper” parthood, refer to the elucidations for the propery ‘has proper part’. has participant “Participation” should be understood as “playing an active role within”, rather than simple presence. The fuse of a stick of dynamite ‘participates in’ that dynamite’s detonation; the paper the dynamite is wrapped in does not. ‘has participant’ is a relationship of possessing an active agency that holds between some ‘Activity’, ‘Agent’, or ‘Event’ and some ‘Agent’ Leonard Bernstein’s performance “The Concert For Peace” ‘has as a participant’ The Norman Scribner Choir has quality ‘has quality’ is a relationship of possessing a dependent attribute that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some ‘Quality’ A Cortland apple ‘has as a quality’ the color red A ball of cotton ‘has as a quality’ inflammability The planet Earth ‘has as a quality’ the escape velocity of 11.2 kilometers per second has contextual quality ‘has contextual quality’ is a relationship of possessing an abstract dependent attribute that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some ‘Contextual quality’ Chiang Kai-shek ‘has as a contextual quality’ Chinese nationality has material quality ‘has material quality’ is a relationship of possessing an material dependent attribute that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some ‘Material quality’ The sample of moon rock returned by the Apollo 11 mission ‘has as a material quality’ the weight 22 kilograms is in temporal relationship with ‘in temporal relationship with’ is a relationship of unqualified temporal location that holds between some ‘Event’ and some ‘Event’ The conception of temporal properties in Roland:Top is largely derived from the work of James F. Allen in “Maintaining knowledge about temporal intervals”. The presidency of Nelson Mandela ‘is in a temporal relationship with’ the 20th century James F. Allen, “Maintaining knowledge about temporal intervals,” Communications of the ACM 26 (1983): 832–843. The conception of temporal properties in Roland:Top is largely derived from the work of James F. Allen in “Maintaining knowledge about temporal intervals”. temporally starts ‘temporally starts’ is a relationship of temporal commencement that holds between some ‘Event’ and some ‘Event’ A “jump ball” ‘temporally starts’ a game of NBA basketball is temporally started by ‘is temporally started by’ is a relationship of possessing a temporal commencement that holds between some ‘Event’ and some ‘Event’ World War I ‘is temporally started by’ the declaration of war against Serbia by Austria-Hungary on July 28, 1914 temporally finishes ‘temporally finishes’ is a relationship of temporal cessation that holds between some ‘Event’ and some ‘Event’ The ratification of the Bonn–Paris conventions in 1955 ‘temporally finishes’ the Allied occupation of West Germany is temporally finished by ‘is temporally finished by’ is a relationship of possessing a temporal cessation that holds between some ‘Event’ and some ‘Event’ The American Civil War ‘is temporally finished by’ the signing of the “Proclamation—Declaring that Peace, Order, Tranquillity, and Civil Authority Now Exists in and Throughout the Whole of the United States of America” by President Andrew Johnson temporally contains ‘temporally contains’ is a relationship of temporal inclusion that holds between some ‘Event’ and some ‘Event’ The year 1989 ‘temporally contains’ the publication of the first World Wide Web document by Sir Tim Berners-Lee is temporally during ‘is temporally during’ is a relationship of possessing a temporal inclusion that holds between some ‘Event’ and some ‘Event’ The 1977 Sex Pistols performance on the River Thames ‘is temporally during’ the Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II temporally meets ‘temporally meets’ is a relationship of temporal joining that holds between some ‘Event’ and some ‘Event’ The Neogene period ‘temporally meets’ the Quaternary period is temporally met by ‘is temporally met by’ is a relationship of possessing a temporal joining that holds between some ‘Event’ and some ‘Event’ The end of the year 2014 ‘is temporally met by’ the start of the year 2015 temporally overlaps ‘temporally overlaps’ is a relationship of temporal inclusion that holds between some ‘Event’ and some ‘Event’ The protests of May 1968 ‘temporally overlap’ the dissolution of the French National Assembly is temporally overlapped by ‘is temporally overlapped by’ is a relationship of possessing a temporal inclusion that holds between some ‘Event’ and some ‘Event’ The Huronian glaciation ‘is temporally overlapped by’ the Paleoproterozoic era is temporally before ‘is temporally after’ is a relationship of anterior temporal location that holds between some ‘Event’ and some ‘Event’ The presidency of George W. Bush ‘is temporally before’ the presidency of Barack Obama is temporally after ‘is temporally after’ is a relationship of posterior temporal location that holds between some ‘Event’ and some ‘Event’ December 29, 2014 ‘is temporally after’ December 28, 2014 is temporally equal to ‘is temporally equal to’ is a relationship of temporal coextension that holds between some ‘Event’ and some ‘Event’ The reign of Temür over the Western Chagatai Khanate ‘is temporally equal to’ the years 1370–1405 CE imagines ‘imagines’ has been included as a property in order to sidestep epistemological questions of “justified true belief.” That is: there may exist semantically valid and conceptually coherent assertions that cannot be “known” in the sense of “known to be true.” Such assertions may be said to be “imagined” rather than “known”. For example: a ‘Sentient agent’ may ‘imagine’ something which is physically impossible (such as a “talking rock”), existentially unlikely (such as a “Martian civilization”), factually incorrect (such as “John F. Kennedy was born in the year 1900”), or simply fictional (such as “Macduff killed Macbeth”). ‘imagines’ is a relationship of unqualified conceptualization that holds between some ‘Sentient agent’ and some ‘Entity’ Ernest Hemingway ‘imagines’ the situation of fishing for marlin in the Atlantic Ocean The recommended use for ‘imagines’ is in situations involving fictional concepts, speculations, or assertions which have not been proven to be demonstrably true via evidentiary references. In situations involving assertations which have been proven to be true, it is recommended to use ‘knows’ instead. Vannevar Bush ‘imagines’ the possibility of networked knowledge bases includes ‘includes’ has a similar semantic intensionality as ‘has part’. However, ‘includes’ is not transitive, and is provided for situations where a certain quantitative specification or threshold of ‘Parts’ needs to be provided. This is a work-around for the computional limits of Description Logic, which preclude transitive properties from being used to make statements about cardinality. ‘includes’ is a relationship of unqualified aggregation that holds between some ‘Aggregate’ and some ‘Part’ The Metropolitan Museum of Art Collection ‘includes’ the Field Armor of King Henry VIII of England The set {1,1,2,3,5} ‘includes’ exactly two instances of the integer 1 influences ‘influences’ is a relationship of unrequired restriction or opportunity that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some ‘Entity’ The presence of alkylating agents ‘influences’ the occurence of DNA breakages United States tax policy ‘influences’ the use of personal income by a US resident inheres in ‘inheres in’ is a relationship of dependent instantiation that holds between some ‘Quality’ and some ‘Entity’ The color Tyrian purple ‘inheres in’ the secretions of the spiny dye-murex snail Wisdom ‘inheres in’ Socrates inheres contextually in ‘inheres contextually in’ is a relationship of abstract dependent instantiation that holds between some ‘Contextual quality’ and some ‘Entity’ American patriotism ‘inheres contextually in’ Nathan Hale inheres materially in ‘inheres materially in’ is a relationship of material dependent instantiation that holds between some ‘Material quality’ and some ‘Entity’ The frequency 2600 hertz ‘inheres materially in’ the AT&T trunk line availability signal is adjacent to ‘is adjacent to’ is a relationship of proximity that holds between some ‘Space’ or ‘Material entity’ and some ‘Space’ or ‘Material entity’ Kyrgyzstan ‘is adjacent to’ Uzbekistan Baffin Island 'is adjacent to' Quebec is agent of ‘is agent of’ is a relationship of active influence that holds between some ‘Agent’ and some ‘Entity’ John Koskinen ‘is an agent of’ the United States Internal Revenue Service is bounded by ‘is bounded by’ is a relationship of possessing an abstract demarcation that holds between some ‘Event’, ‘Location’, or ‘Space’ and some ‘Boundary’ The Jewish Year ‘is bounded by’ the celebration of Rosh Hashanah The state of Oklahoma ‘is bounded by’ the 103rd Meridian is spatially bounded by ‘is spatially bounded by’ is a relationship of possessing an abstract demarcation that holds between some ‘Location’ or ‘Space’ and some ‘Spatial boundary’ Times Square ‘is spatially bounded by’ the streets of Broadway, Seventh Avenue, West 42nd Street, and West 47th Street is temporally bounded by ‘is temporally bounded by’ is a relationship of possessing an abstract demarcation that holds between some ‘Event’ and some ‘Temporal boundary’ The existence of the German Democratic Republic ‘is temporally bounded by’ the ratification of the Einigungsvertrag on August 31, 1990 is concretized by ‘is concretized by’ is a relationship of posessing a material instantiation that holds between some ‘Abstract entity’ and some ‘Material entity’ A marriage between two people ‘is concretized by’ the signing and filing of a marriage certificate The Old English epic poem Beowulf ‘is concretized by’ Seamus Heaney’s 1999 translation is connected to ‘is connected to’ is a relationship of mutual inclusion that holds between some ‘Material entity’ or ‘Space’ and some ‘Material entity’ or ‘Space’ The Pacific Ocean ‘is connected to’ the Panama Canal The country of Chile ‘is connected to’ the country of Argentina Underlying the notion of connection is the idea that connected entities mutually include some (possibly infinitesimal) area of overlap. Often, this area of overlap will be that corresponding with a ‘Boundary’ created by a ‘Sentient agent’ (as in, for example, when we say that “Iraq is connected to Iran”). is constrained by ‘constrains’ is a relationship of posessing a required restriction that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some ‘Entity’ The (legal) terms of a sale in the United States ‘are constrained by’ the Uniform Commercial Code The persistence of water in its liquid state ‘is constrained by’ its temperature is contained by ‘contains’ is intended primarily for use with abstract, material, or spatial entities. Inclusion relationships for temporal entities are best dealt with using ‘temporally contains’ or (its inverse) ‘is temporally during’. ‘is contained by’ is a relationship of posessing an inclusion that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some ‘Entity’ A one-eyed jack ‘is contained by’ a (typical) deck of playing cards The planet Saturn ‘is contained by’ the Solar System ‘contains’ is intended primarily for use with abstract, material, or spatial entities. Inclusion relationships for temporal entities are best dealt with using ‘temporally contains’ or (its inverse) ‘is temporally during’. is partially contained by ‘is partially contained by’ is a relationship of posessing an incomplete inclusion that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some ‘Entity’ A garden snail ‘is partially contained by’ its shell Yellowstone National Park ‘is partially contained by’ the state of Wyoming is wholly contained by ‘is wholly contained by’ is a relationship of possessing a complete inclusion that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some ‘Entity’ The Lincoln Memorial ‘is wholly contained by’ the city of Washington, DC The pineal gland ‘is wholly contained by’ the human brain is generically related entity of ‘is generically related entity of’ is a relationship of unqualified association that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some ‘Entity’ Charles Philip Arthur George ‘is generically related entity of’ Elizabeth Alexandra Mary The New York City subway the IRT Lexington Avenue Line ‘is generically related entity of’ the Interborough Rapid Transit Company is referent of ‘is referent of’ is a relationship of description or mention that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some ‘Entity’ The Enclycopedia Britannica entry “Saint Joan of Arc” ‘is a referent of’ the historical personage Jeanne d’Arc The John Fogerty song “Vanz Kant Danz” ‘is a referent of’ Fantasy Records owner Saul Zaentz is related event of ‘is related event of’ is a relationship of temporally-qualified association that holds between some ‘Event’ and some ‘Entity’ The “2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire” ‘is a related event of’ the regime of Iranian Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi is imagined by ‘is imagined by’ has been included as a property in order to sidestep epistemological questions of “justified true belief.” That is: there may exist semantically valid and conceptually coherent assertions that cannot be “known” in the sense of “known to be true.” Such assertions may be said to be “imagined” rather than “known”. For example: a ‘Sentient agent’ may ‘imagine’ something which is physically impossible (such as a “talking rock”), existentially unlikely (such as a “Martian civilization”), factually incorrect (such as “John F. Kennedy was born in the year 1900”), or simply fictional (such as “Macduff killed Macbeth”). ‘is imagined by’ is a relationship of possessing an unqualified conceptualization that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some ‘Sentient agent’ Space flight ‘is imagined by’ Hermann Oberth The Northwest Passage ‘is imagined by’ Giovanni Caboto The recommended use for ‘is imagined by’ is in situations involving fictional concepts, speculations, or assertions which have not been proven to be demonstrably true via evidentiary references. In situations involving assertations which have been proven to be true, it is recommended to use ‘is known by’ instead. is included in ‘is included in’ has a similar semantic intensionality as ‘is part of’. However, ‘is included in’ is not transitive, and is provided for situations where a certain quantitative specification or threshold of ‘Parts’ needs to be provided. This is a work-around for the computional limits of Description Logic, which preclude transitive properties from being used to make statements about cardinality. ‘is included in’ is a relationship of unqualified parthood that holds between some ‘Part’ and some ‘Aggregate’ Marcel Duchamp’s assemblage “Étant donnés” ‘is included in’ the collection of the Philadelphia Museum of Art The interger “9” ‘is included in’ the set {7,7,5,6,6,9,2} is influenced by ‘is influenced by’ is a relationship of possessing an unrequired restriction or opportunity that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some ‘Entity’ The height of a tide ‘is influenced by’ the proximity of the Moon to the Earth The speed at which a projectile travels ‘is influenced by’ the amount of air resistance encountered by that projectile is known by ‘is known by’ is a relationship of possessing a qualified conceptualization that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some ‘Sentient agent’ The cardinality of ℵ₀ ‘is known by’ Georg Cantor The nature of radioactive decay ‘is known by’ Ernest Rutherford is materially consistent with ‘is materially consistent with’ is a relationship of homoeomerity that holds between some ‘Material entity’ and some ‘Material entity’ A grain of salt from a shaker ‘is materially consistent with’ the rest of the salt in that shaker A slice of a loaf of bread ‘is materially consistent with’ the rest of that loaf is materially dependent on ‘is materially dependent on’ is a relationship of existential reliance that holds between some ‘Mass’, ‘Material quality’, ‘Portion’, or ‘Surface’ and a ‘Material entity’ The tone of a rung bell ‘is materially dependent on’ that bell is measurement of ‘is measurement of’ is a relationship of quantification that holds between some ‘Measurement’ and some ‘Entity’ 1,821.3 kilometers ‘is a measurement of’ the radius of the Jovian moon Io is part of A big toe ‘is part of’ a (typical) human foot Note that any entity may be described in terms of consisting of a ‘Part’ that is coextensive or coterminous with itself. Any such description expresses a relationship of “non-proper parthood”. The conception of parthood in Roland:Top is largely derived from the work of Morton E. Winston et al. in “A Taxonomy of Part-Whole Relations”. “An die Freude” ‘is part of’ “Symphony No. 9 in D minor” by Ludwig van Beethoven ‘is part of’ is a relationship of mereological inclusion that holds between some ‘Part’ and some ‘Aggregate’ Morton E. Winston, Roger Chaffin, and Douglas Herrmann, “A Taxonomy of Part-Whole Relations,” Cognitive Science 11 (1987): 417 – 444. The conception of parthood in Roland:Top is largely derived from the work of Morton E. Winston et al. in “A Taxonomy of Part-Whole Relations”. Note that any entity may be described in terms of consisting of a ‘Part’ that is coextensive or coterminous with itself. Any such description expresses a relationship of “non-proper parthood”. is proper part of ‘is proper part of’ is a relationship of proper mereological inclusion that holds between some ‘Part’ and some ‘Aggregate’ Mexico ‘is a proper part of’ North America The Second Battle of Bull Run ‘is a proper part of’ The American Civil War The computation contraints of Description Logic preclude properties from being both transitive and irreflexive. Therefore, “proper parthood” relations are not transitive. The inferential outcome of this is that relational chains of proper parthood will only exist when explicitly declared. However, because “proper parthood” relations are sub-properties of generic “parthood” relations (which are transitive), non-proper parthood will be inferred in a transitive manner. While not formalized here, it is assumed that the subject of a ‘has proper part’ relation is a mereological sum that is smaller than (“is less than”) the mereological sum of the object. is action of ‘is action of’ is a relationship of mereological inclusion that holds between some ‘Action’ and some ‘Activity’ Turning a key ‘is an action of’ starting a car is proper action of ‘is proper action of’ is a relationship of proper mereological inclusion that holds between some ‘Action’ and some ‘Activity’ For details on the distinction between “proper” and “non-proper” parthood, refer to the elucidations for the propery ‘is proper part of’. Turning a page ‘is a proper action of’ reading a (paper) book For details on the distinction between “proper” and “non-proper” parthood, refer to the elucidations for the propery ‘is proper part of’. is area within ‘is area within’ is a relationship of mereological inclusion that holds between some ‘Area’ and some ‘Place’ The neighborhood of Bed-Stuy ‘is an area within’ the borough of Brooklyn, NY is proper area within ‘is proper area within’ is a relationship of proper mereological inclusion that holds between some ‘Area’ and some ‘Place’ For details on the distinction between “proper” and “non-proper” parthood, refer to the elucidations for the propery ‘is proper part of’. The intersection of Frankford Avenue and Trenton Avenue ‘is a proper area within’ the city of Philadelphia For details on the distinction between “proper” and “non-proper” parthood, refer to the elucidations for the propery ‘is proper part of’. is component of ‘is component of’ is a relationship of mereological inclusion that holds between some ‘Component’ and some ‘Integral object’ An incline plane ‘is a component of’ an Archimedean screw is proper component of ‘is proper component of’ is a relationship of proper mereological inclusion that holds between some ‘Component’ and some ‘Integral object’ A Motorola 68000 microprocessor ‘is a proper component of’ an Apple Macintosh 128K computer For details on the distinction between “proper” and “non-proper” parthood, refer to the elucidations for the propery ‘is proper part of’. For details on the distinction between “proper” and “non-proper” parthood, refer to the elucidations for the propery ‘is proper part of’. is member of ‘is member of’ is a relationship of mereological inclusion that holds between some ‘Member’ and some ‘Collection’ The book “Devarim” ‘is a member of’ the Torah is proper member of ‘is proper member of’ is a relationship of proper mereological inclusion that holds between some ‘Member’ and some ‘Collection’ For details on the distinction between “proper” and “non-proper” parthood, refer to the elucidations for the propery ‘is proper part of’. The letter “y” ‘is a proper member of’ the written rendition of the phrase “Ege Bamyası” For details on the distinction between “proper” and “non-proper” parthood, refer to the elucidations for the propery ‘is proper part of’. is portion of ‘is portion of’ is a relationship of mereological inclusion that holds between some ‘Portion’ and some ‘Mass’ The top half of a glass of water ‘is a portion of’ that glass of water is proper portion of ‘is proper portion of’ is a relationship of proper mereological inclusion that holds between some ‘Portion’ and some ‘Mass’ A bowl of soup (served from a crock) ‘is a proper portion of’ that crock of soup For details on the distinction between “proper” and “non-proper” parthood, refer to the elucidations for the propery ‘is proper part of’. For details on the distinction between “proper” and “non-proper” parthood, refer to the elucidations for the propery ‘is proper part of’. is substance of ‘is substance of’ is a relationship of mereological inclusion that holds between some ‘Substance’ and some ‘Aggregate’ Ethenylbenzene ‘is a substance of’ the plastic polystyrene is proper substance of ‘is proper substance of’ is a relationship of proper mereological inclusion that holds between some ‘Substance’ and some ‘Aggregate’ Dry vermouth ‘is a proper substance of’ a gin martini For details on the distinction between “proper” and “non-proper” parthood, refer to the elucidations for the propery ‘is proper part of’. For details on the distinction between “proper” and “non-proper” parthood, refer to the elucidations for the propery ‘is proper part of’. is potentially known by ‘is potentially known by’ is a relationship of possessing a possible conceptualization that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some ‘Sentient agent’ The location of Noah’s Ark ‘is potentially known by’ Tsar Nicholas II of Russia is quantified by ‘is quantified by’ is a relationship of possessing an observational mapping that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some ‘Measurement’ The heaviest known weight of a blue whale ‘is quantified by’ the measurement “89 feet” The top recorded speed of the Lockheed SR-71 ‘is quantified by’ the measurement “1,905.81 knots” is realized by ‘is realized by’ is a relationship of possessing a generative process that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some ‘Activity’ A handmade oak table ‘is realized by’ the practice of woodworking is used for ‘is used for’ is a relationship of affordance availability that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some ‘Activity’ A stage ‘is used for’ a performance of “Fiddler on the Roof” Carbon dioxide ‘is used for’ photosynthesis knows ‘knows’ is a relationship of qualified conceptualization that holds between some ‘Sentient agent’ and some ‘Entity’ Robert Caro ‘knows’ the history of Lyndon B. Johnson Rosalind Franklin ‘knows’ the structure of the DNA double helix participates in “Participation” should be understood as “playing an active role within”, rather than simple presence. The fuse of a stick of dynamite ‘participates in’ that dynamite’s detonation; the paper the dynamite is wrapped in does not. ‘participates in’ is a relationship of active agency that holds between some ‘Agent’ and some ‘Activity’, ‘Agent’, or ‘Event’ Presiding Bishop Edward Partridge, Sr. ‘participates in’ the ongoing activities of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints potentially knows ‘potentially knows’ is a relationship of possible conceptualization that holds between some ‘Sentient agent’ and some ‘Entity’ Dr. Robert G. Jahn ‘potentially knows’ about psychokinetic influence on random event generators quantifies ‘quantifies’ is a relationship of observational mapping that holds between some ‘Measurement’ and some ‘Entity’ The measurement “2,063 feet” ‘quantifies’ the height of the KVLY-TV mast in Blanchard, North Dakota The measurement “9,550 years” ‘quantifies’ the age of the Norway Spruce tree Old Tjikko on Fulufjället Mountain in Sweden realizes ‘realizes’ is a relationship of generative process that holds between some ‘Activity’ and some ‘Entity’ Counting ten entities ‘realizes’ an instance of the number “ten” uses ‘uses’ is a relationship of affordance opportunity that holds between some ‘Activity’ and some ‘Entity’ Felling a tree ‘uses’ a chainsaw Note that under this definition, it is an ‘Activity’ (rather than an ‘Agent’) that ‘uses’ an ‘Entity’ (typically, though not exclusively, a ‘Tool’). While colloquially it would be stated that an ‘Agent’ ‘uses’ something (e.g., “Joe uses a hammer’), under this conceptualization we would say instead that the ‘Agent’ ‘participates in’ an ‘Activity’, which ‘Activity’ in turn ‘uses’ an ‘Entity’ (e.g., “Joe participates in the activity of driving a nail; this nail-driving activity uses a hammer”). The cardiac cycle of a typical human being ‘uses’ the atria of the heart has derivation ‘has derivation’ is a relationship of possessing a direct or indirect development that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some ‘Entity’ The Herb Alpert song “Rise” ‘has derivation’ the The Notorious B.I.G. song “Hypnotize” The Unix operating system ‘has derivation’ the Berkeley Software Distribution system is derived from ‘is derived from’ is a relationship of direct or indirect development that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some ‘Entity’ Bill Viola’s video installation “Going Forth By Day” ‘is derived from’ Giotto di Bondone’s frescoes in the Scrovegni Chapel The Led Zeppelin song “Whole Lotta Love” ‘is derived from’ the Willie Dixon song “You Need Love” plays functional role for ‘plays functional role for’ is a relationship of role-based coherence that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some ‘Entity’ A piston ‘plays a functional role for’ an engine Brian Jones (as a musician) ‘plays a functional role for’ the band The Rolling Stones The use of the word “functional” in this property’s (English) label should not be confused with the use of the same word in the OWL 2 syntax. has capability ‘has capability’ is a relationship of posessing an ability to realize that holds between some ‘Agent’ and some ‘Activity’ or ‘Action’ Michael Jordan (as a basketball player) ‘has the capability’ of scoring a career average of 30.1 points per game The USNS Hughes Glomar Explorer ‘has the capability’ of lifting a portion of a submarine from water 1,560 miles deep is achievable by ‘is achievable by’ is a relationship of potential realization that holds between some ‘Activity’ or ‘Action’ and some ‘Agent’ A top speed of 681 miles per second ‘is achievable by’ the Bell X-1A rocket plane The running of a mile in 3 minutes, 43.13 seconds ‘is achievable by’ Hicham El Guerrouj has name ‘has name’ is a relationship of identification that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some PlainLiteral has additional name ‘has additional name’ is a relationship of identification that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some PlainLiteral This property is intended to capture a non-preferred name of any ‘Entity’. Examples of non-preferred names include middle names (typically, for people, but also potentially for other entities), nicknames, and other colloquial names. has datetime ‘has datetime’ is a relationship of temporal location that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some date, dateTime, or PlainLiteral All “datetime” properties in Roland:Top accept rdf:PlainLiteral. This allows for dates — especially historical dates — to be specified in “plain langauge” such as “Circa 505 B.C.E”. The preferred method of providing datetimes is in ISO 8601 format. (For example: 1979-01-18T5:45:00-5:00) has start datetime ‘has start datetime’ is a relationship of temporal location that holds between some ‘Event’ or ‘Activity’ and some date, dateTime, or PlainLiteral Though not formalized, it is assumed that, when describing any given entity, the date or dateTime value provided for ‘has start datetime’ will be less than (“earlier than”) the date or dateTime value provided for ‘has end datetime’. has end datetime ‘has end datetime’ is a relationship of temporal location that holds between some ‘Event’ or ‘Activity’ and some date, dateTime, or PlainLiteral Though not formalized, it is assumed that, when describing any given entity, the date or dateTime value provided for ‘has end datetime’ will be greater than (“later than”) the date or dateTime value provided for ‘has start datetime’. has birth datetime ‘has birth datetime’ is a relationship of temporal location that holds between some ‘Agent’ and some date, dateTime, or PlainLiteral Though not formalized, it is assumed that, when describing any given entity, the date or dateTime value provided for ‘has birth datetime’ will be less than (“earlier than”) the date or dateTime value provided for ‘has death datetime’. Though not formalized, this property is intended to capture the temporal location of the commencement of the life process of a living ‘Agent’. has death datetime ‘has death datetime’ is a relationship of temporal location that holds between some ‘Agent’ and some date, dateTime, or PlainLiteral Though not formalized, it is assumed that, when describing any given entity, the dateTime value provided for ‘has death datetime’ will be greater than (“later than”) the dateTime value provided for ‘has birth datetime’. Though not formalized, this property is intended to capture the temporal location of the cessation of the life process of a living ‘Agent’. has description ‘has description’ is a relationship of representation or accounting that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some PlainLiteral, decimal, or integer has measurement amount ‘has measurement amount’ is a relationship of quantification that holds between some ‘Measurement’ and some PlainLiteral, decimal, or integer has dimension measurement amount ‘has dimension measurement amount’ is a relationship of quantification that holds between some ‘Measurement’ and some PlainLiteral, decimal, or integer This property is intended to capture the the values of measurements recording temporal or spatial aspects of a given entity has width measurement amount ‘has width measurement’ is a relationship of quantification that holds between some ‘Measurement’ and some PlainLiteral, decimal, or integer This property is intended to capture the the values of measurements recording the spatial aspect of “width” of a given entity has height measurement amount ‘has height measurement’ is a relationship of quantification that holds between some ‘Measurement’ and some PlainLiteral, decimal, or integer This property is intended to capture the the values of measurements recording the spatial aspect of “height” of a given entity has length measurement amount ‘has length measurement’ is a relationship of quantification that holds between some ‘Measurement’ and some PlainLiteral, decimal, or integer This property is intended to capture the the values of measurements recording the spatial aspect of “length” of a given entity has duration measurement amount ‘has duration measurement’ is a relationship of quantification that holds between some ‘Measurement’ and some PlainLiteral, decimal, or integer This property is intended to capture the the values of measurements recording temporal aspects of a given entity has measurement notation ‘has measurement notation’ is a relationship of description that holds between some ‘Measurement’ and some PlainLiteral Common values for this property include “feet”, “meters”, “seconds”, “degrees Celcius”, etc. has artifact info ‘has artifact info’ is a relationship of description that holds between some ‘Artifact’ and some PlainLiteral, decimal, or integer has IRI “IRI” stands for “Internationalized Resource Identifier”. The class of these identifiers is the superclass of “URL” (“Uniform Resource Locators”). Unlike URLs, there is no expectation that an IRI will actually resolve to a networked document or similar digital file. ‘has IRI’ is a relationship of identification that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some anyURI has URL “URL” stands for “Uniform Resource Locator”. The class of these identifiers is a subclass of “IRIs” (“Internationalized Resource Identifiers”). Unlike IRIs, URLs are expected to resolve to a networked document or similar digital file. ‘has URL’ is a relationship of identification that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some anyURI has note ‘has note’ is a relationship of commentary that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some PlainLiteral has vocabulary IRI ‘has vocabulary IRI’ is a relationship of identification that holds between some ‘Entity’ and some anyURI ‘has vocabulary IRI’ is intended to refer to terms specifically within the Roland Vocabulary Project. The key use case for this property is to relate instances of owl:Class with instances of owl:NamedIndividual. Entity An ‘Entity’ ‘is contained by’ some ‘Space’; or ‘is known by’, ‘is potentially known by’, or ‘is imagined by’ some ‘Sentient agent’ The flapping of a Monarch butterfly’s wings The laccolith in Devil’s Tower National Park, Wyoming The square root of -1 Abstract entity All the positive integers on the real line An ‘Abstract entity’ is an ‘Entity’ that ‘is known by’, ‘is potentially known by’, or ‘is imagined by’ by some ‘Sentient agent’ and is not ‘contained by’ some ‘Space’ The character Bradamante, in Italo Calvino’s novella “The Nonexistent Knight” The set {“Women”, “Fire”, “Dangerous things”} Boundary A ‘Boundary’ is an ‘Abstract entity’ that ‘has as a member’ some ‘Point’ or some ‘Line’, and that ‘bounds’ some ‘Area’ or ‘Event’ The equator (as the boundary separating the northern and southern hemispheres) The time 23:59:59 of any given day (as the last moment of that given day) A ‘Boundary’ should not be confused with a material ‘Surface’. Spatial boundary A ‘Spatial boundary’ is ‘Boundary’ that ‘bounds’ some ‘Area’ The 49th parallel north (as a boundary between Canada and the United States) The middle of the Arthur Kill (as a boundary between New York and New Jersey) Temporal boundary A ‘Temporal boundary’ is a ‘Boundary’ that ‘bounds’ some ‘Event’ December 31, 2000 (as the end of the second millennium) The deposition of the Emperor Romulus Augustulus (as the end of the temporal extent of the Western Roman Empire) Context A ‘Context’ is an ‘Abstract entity’ that ‘influences’ some ‘Material entity’ or some ‘Abstract entity’ American patriotism Modernist aesthetics The ZFC axiomatic system for the creation of sets Dimension Height Time ‘Dimension’ is treated as a primitive class in Roland:Top. However, It may be considered as follows: “A dimension is a relationship between a quantity system, a quantity kind of that system, and one or more dimension vectors. There is one dimension vector for each of the system's base quantity kinds. The vector's magnitude determines the exponent of the base dimension for the referenced quantity kind." Ralph Hodgson, Paul J. Keller, Jack Hodges, and Jack Spivak, “QUDT Dimension Ontology Version 1.1,” http://qudt.org/1.1/schema/dimension (accessed 4/29/2015). The informal definition given here has been derived from QUDT. ‘Dimension’ is treated as a primitive class in Roland:Top. However, It may be considered as follows: “A dimension is a relationship between a quantity system, a quantity kind of that system, and one or more dimension vectors. There is one dimension vector for each of the system's base quantity kinds. The vector's magnitude determines the exponent of the base dimension for the referenced quantity kind." Frame of reference 2 A ‘Frame of reference’ is an ‘Abstract entity’ that ‘has as a member’ some ‘Boundary’, and ‘includes’ at least two ‘Boundaries’, and ‘has as a referent’ some ‘Event’ or ‘Space’ The International Celestial Reference Frame Your field of view, at this given moment Line 2 A ‘Line’ is an ‘Abstract entity’ that ‘has as a member’ some ‘Point’ and ‘includes’ at least two ‘Points’ The Prime Meridian The line defined by all real numbers between the integers 1 and 2 Location A ‘Location’ is an ‘Abstract entity’ that ‘has as a referent’ some ‘Area’ and ‘is bounded by’ some ‘Boundary’ A ‘Location’ is simply an abstract way of referring to some ‘Space’. The (former) city of Troy The French Quarter of New Orleans Measurement 299,792,458 meters per second 301 meters A ‘Measurement’ is an ‘Abstract entity’ that ‘quantifies’ some ‘Entity’ Point 0 1 A ‘Point’ in Roland:Top can be either a “point in space”, or else can be a point in some abstraction (such as a point in a geometrical plane, or a number on a number line). A ‘Point’ is an ‘Abstract entity’ that ‘has as a referent’ some ‘Space’ and ‘has as a dimension’ exactly zero ‘Dimensions’; or ‘has as a referent’ exactly one ‘Member’ that ‘is a member of’ some ‘Collection’ The exact center of the solar system The number 3.14159265359 on a number line Activity ‘Activity’ and ‘Event’ are not disjoint, and there is a significant degree of conceptual overlap. In practice, all instances of ‘Activity’ would also be (at least one, but possibly multiple) instances of ‘Event’. However, an ‘Activity’ may be spatiotemporally scattered, whereas an ‘Event’ is a at least temporally contiguous. A congressional session An ‘Activity’ is an ‘Entity’ that ‘realizes’ some ‘Abstract entity’ or some ‘Artifact’ The creation of a hive by a bee colony Agent A law firm representing a client A pitcher playing in a baseball game An ‘Agent’ is an ‘Entity’ that ‘participates in’ some ‘Activity’ Note that while in practice, ‘Agents’ may typically be thought of as being ‘Material entities’, they are not formalized as such in Roland:Top. The motivation behind this modelling decision is to not rule out discourse about non-material (but also, presumably, not abstract) ‘Agents’ (or “creators”). Cf., for example, Thomas Aquinas: “Matter, furthermore, is not a principle of acting. That is why, according to Aristotle, the efficient cause and matter do not coincide [Physics II, 7]. But, as we have said, it belongs to God to be the first efficient cause of things. Therefore, He is not matter.” The fission trigger of a Teller-Ulam thermonuclear weapon Thomas Aquinas, “Summa Contra Gentiles, Book 1, Chapter 17,” trans. Anton C. Pegis, (New York: Hanover House, 1955-57). Note that while in practice, ‘Agents’ may typically be thought of as being ‘Material entities’, they are not formalized as such in Roland:Top. The motivation behind this modelling decision is to not rule out discourse about non-material (but also, presumably, not abstract) ‘Agents’ (or “creators”). Cf., for example, Thomas Aquinas: “Matter, furthermore, is not a principle of acting. That is why, according to Aristotle, the efficient cause and matter do not coincide [Physics II, 7]. But, as we have said, it belongs to God to be the first efficient cause of things. Therefore, He is not matter.” Sentient agent true “Self-knowledge” is obviously open to interpretation. In Roland:Top, we are inclined to define “self-knowledge” broadly enough to be inclusive of “knowledge of states of self” (for example, pain or hunger). This would include most animals as ‘Sentient agents’, although clearly there are degrees of sentience. A ‘Sentient agent’ is an ‘Agent’ that ‘knows’ itself A (typical) human being Aggregate A snowbank An ‘Aggregate’ is an ‘Abstract entity’ that ‘contains’ some ‘Abstract entity’; or an ‘Activity’ that contains some ‘Activity’; or an ‘Event’ that ‘temporally contains’ some ‘Event’; or a ‘Space’ that ‘contains’ some ‘Space’ and ‘is spatially bounded by’ only some ‘Spatial boundary’; or a ‘Material entity’ that ‘contains’, ‘has a connect to’, or ‘has a functional relationship with’ some ‘Material entity’ The set {1, “One”, 0001} The conception of aggregation in Roland:Top is largely derived from the work of Morton E. Winston et al. in “A Taxonomy of Part-Whole Relations” Morton E. Winston, Roger Chaffin, and Douglas Herrmann, “A Taxonomy of Part-Whole Relations,” Cognitive Science 11 (1987): 417 – 444. The conception of aggregation in Roland:Top is largely derived from the work of Morton E. Winston et al. in “A Taxonomy of Part-Whole Relations” Collection 2 A ‘Collection’ is an ‘Abstract entity’ that ‘contains’ some ‘Abstract entity’; or is a ‘Material entity’ that ‘includes’ at least two ‘Material entities’, and does not ‘contain’ or ‘have connection with’ some ‘Material entity’ For “material collections”, there is no “overlap” between the ‘Collection’ and its ‘Members’ (i.e., the ‘Members’ are neither “contained” nor “connected”). Contrast this with the (potential) mereotopological “overlap” of an ‘Integral object’ with its ‘Components’, or with the set-theoretic “overlap” of a set with its subsets. The Brooklyn Museum’s collection of Asian art The class of all instances in the Web Ontology Language (i.e., “owl:Thing”) Integral object A Rolls-Royce Trent 7000 jet engine A tuxedo An ‘Integral object’ is an ‘Aggregate’ and a ‘Material entity’ that ‘has a functional relationship with’ some ‘Material entity’ Interval 2 An ‘Interval’ is an ‘Aggregate’ and an ‘Event’ that ‘temporally contains’ some ‘Instant’ and ‘includes’ at least two ‘Instants’ The English Interregnum following the execution of Charles I in 1649 The time it takes any given ball to fall from the top of the Tower of Pisa Mass A ‘Mass’ is an ‘Aggregate’ and a ‘Material entity’ that ‘contains’ or ‘has a connection’ with some ‘Material entity’ and ‘is materially consistent with’ some ‘Material entity’; or is a ‘Material entity’ that ‘has derivation’ some ‘Material entity’ and ‘is materially consistent with’ some ‘Material entity’ A blueberry pie (including pieces that have been removed) A sand dune in the Taklamakan Desert Note that a ‘Mass’ may be spatially scattered, as long as there is some principle of “derivation” that provides overall unity to it. Place A ‘Place’ is an “Aggregate’ and a ‘Space’ that ‘contains’ some ‘Area’ or ‘has as a connection’ some ‘Area’ The approximate center of the Milky Way galaxy The town of Bristol, Vermont Process A ‘Process’ is an ‘Aggregate’ and an ‘Activity’ that ‘contains’ some ‘Action’ The Earth’s hydrologic cycle The ongoing orbiting of the moon around the Earth Event 4 AM Friday October 8 – 11, 1969 An ‘Event’ is an ‘Entity’ that ‘is temporally bounded by’ some ‘Temporal boundary’ Material entity A ‘Material entity’ is an ‘Entity’ that ‘has as a material quality’ some ‘Material quality’ and ‘is contained by’ some ‘Space’ A hydrogen atom The Karakoram mountain Chhogori The Venusian atmosphere Artifact An ‘Artifact’ is a ‘Material entity’ that ‘is realized by’ some ‘Activity’ The fulgurites left behind by some lightning strikes The statue of Shiva Nataraja in the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago The tracks left in the sand by a sidewinder rattlesnake Tool A ‘Tool’ is an ‘Artifact’ that ‘is used for’ some ‘Activity’ A hammer A paintbrush The Lempel–Ziv–Welch compression algorithm Quality A ‘Quality’ is an ‘Entity’ that ‘inheres in’ some ‘Entity’ Back and to the left Red Wise Contextual quality A ‘Contextual quality’ is a ‘Quality’ that ‘is influenced by’ some ‘Context’ and ‘inheres contextually in’ some ‘Entity’ American Expensive Popular Material quality A ‘Material quality’ is a ‘Quality’ that ‘is materially dependent on’ some ‘Material entity’ or ‘Activity’ and ‘inheres materially in’ some ‘Material entity’ or ‘Activity’ Moving at 55 miles per hour Note that ‘Material qualities’ may be relative. For example, the colloquial expression “moving at 55 miles per hour” means “moving at 55 miles per hour relative to some given frame of reference”. Weighing 10 pounds Note that some qualities are better expressed as measurements. Moving at 55 miles per hour Note that some qualities are better expressed as measurements. Weighing 10 pounds Part The Orbiter Vehicle component of the NASA Space Shuttle The leg of a chair The opening line of Abraham Lincoln’s “Gettysburg Address” A ‘Part’ is an ‘Entity’ that is either: a ‘Material entity’ and ‘is connected to’, ‘is contained by’, or ‘plays a functional role for’ some ‘Material entity’; or is a ‘Space’ that ‘is connected to’ or ‘is contained by’ some ‘Space’, and ‘is spatially bounded’ only by some ‘Spatial boundary’; or is an ‘Event’ that is ‘temporally during’ some ‘Event’; or is an ‘Activity’ that ‘is contained by’ some ‘Activity’; or is an ‘Abstract entity’ that ‘is contained by’ some ‘Abstract entity’ The closure axiom (fragment) ‘is spatially bound by some/only Spatial boundary’ is necessary to prevent ‘Space’ from classifying as a ‘Part’. While instances of the class ‘Space’ may be ‘Parts’ (i.e., ‘Areas’), ‘Space’ also needs to considered as a totality. The conception of parthood in Roland:Top is largely derived from the work of Morton E. Winston et al. in “A Taxonomy of Part-Whole Relations”. This definition attempts to account for several “high level” types of parthood: 1. Material: the part is either ‘connected to’, ‘contained by’, or ‘plays a functional role for’ some ‘Material entity’. Note that ‘has a functional relationship with’ accounts for spatially-scattered parts (such as the bikini top of a swimsuit or the jacket of a tuxedo). 2. Spatial: the part is either ‘connected to’ or ‘contained by’ some ‘Space’. 3. Temporal: the part is is either ‘temporally during’ some ‘Event’ or ‘is contained by’ some ‘Activity’. 4. Abstract: the part ‘is contained by’ some ‘Abstract entity’ (such as a subset of a set of integers). Morton E. Winston, Roger Chaffin, and Douglas Herrmann, “A Taxonomy of Part-Whole Relations,” Cognitive Science 11 (1987): 417 – 444. The conception of parthood in Roland:Top is largely derived from the work of Morton E. Winston et al. in “A Taxonomy of Part-Whole Relations”. Action A single orbit of the moon around the Earth A single rain shower An ‘Action’ is a ‘Part’ and an ‘Activity’ that ‘is contained by’ some ‘Activity’ Area An ‘Area’ is a ‘Part’ and a ‘Space’ that ‘is spatially bounded by’ only some ‘Spatial boundary’ and ‘is connected to’ or ‘is contained by’ some ‘Space’ The Class B airspace above New York City The downtown of Ho Chi Minh City Component A ‘Component’ is a ‘Part’ and a ‘Material entity’ that ‘plays a functional role for’ some ‘Material entity’ A catalytic converter (as part of an automobile) A page in a book Instant An ‘Instant’ is an ‘Event’ and ‘is temporally during’ some ‘Event’ Exactly now The moment represented by the Unix epoch 285486420 Member A ‘Member’ is a ‘Part’ and an ‘Abstract entity’ that ‘is contained by’ some ‘Abstract entity’; or is a ‘Part’ and a ‘Material entity’ that ‘is included in’ some ‘Material entity’ “The Wife of Bath’s Tale”, as part of Geoffrey Chaucer’s “The Canterbury Tales” The Bell-47D1 Helicopter that is part of the Museum of Modern Art’s Architecture and Design collection Portion true true A ‘Portion’ ‘is materially consistent’ with the ‘Material entity’ upon which it is dependent (or from which it derives). However, it may not be ‘materially consistent’ with itself. For example, a slice of pie ‘is materially consistent’ with the pie from which it was cut. Taken as an entity in its own right, however, the slice is not materially consistent with itself — some of it is crust, and some of it is filling. A ‘Portion’ is a ‘Part’ and a ‘Material entity’ that ‘is connected to’ or ‘is contained by’ some ‘Material entity’, ‘is materially consistent with’ some ‘Material entity’, ‘is materially dependent on’ or ‘is derived from’ some ‘Material entity’, and either ‘is materially consistent with’ itself or is not ‘materially consistent’ with itself A slice of an American Hot Pizza Half the water in any given glass of water Substance true A ‘Substance’ is a ‘Part’ and a ‘Material entity’ that ‘is connected to’ or ‘is contained by’ some ‘Material entity’, and ‘is materially consistent with’ itself In contrast to ‘Portions’, ‘Substances’ must always be ‘materially consistent’ with themselves. The Carrara marble in Michelangelo’s sculpture “The Pietà” The whiskey in a Manhattan cocktail Surface A ‘Surface’ is a ‘Part’ and a ‘Material entity’ that ‘is materially dependent on’ and ‘is connected to’ some ‘Material entity’, and either: ‘has as a material quality’ some ‘Solid’ state, and ‘is adjacent to’ some ‘Space’ that does not ‘contain’ a ‘Material entity’ that ‘has as a material quality’ some ‘Solid’ state; or else ‘has as a material quality’ some ‘Liquid’ and ‘is adjacent to’ some ‘Space’ that does not ‘contain’ a ‘Material entity’, or ‘is adjacent to’ some ‘Space’ that ‘contains’ some ‘Material entity’ that ‘has material quality’ some ‘Solid’, ‘Semi-solid’, or ‘Gaseous’ state It is assumed that even when two solid ‘Surfaces’ are “touching”, there is some (possibly infinitesimal) empty ‘Space’ between them. This is in contrast with a “join”, wherein two solid ‘Surfaces’ become materially fused (and, thus, cease to be ‘Surfaces’). Refer also to Patrick Hayes’ characterization of surfaces in his “Naive Physics I: Ontology for Liquids”. The face of the John Hancock Tower oriented toward the Charles River The top of Lake Neuchâtel For something to be a ‘Surface’, three conditions must be met: 1. It must be ‘connected to’ some ‘Material entity’. 2. It must be ‘materially dependent on’ some ‘Material entity’. Presumably, this will be the same ‘Material entity it ‘is connected to’, although this is not formalized. Further, note that there is no such thing as a “pure surface” — a ‘Surface’ always depends upon another ‘Material entity’ for its existence. 3a. If the ‘Surface’ is ‘Solid’, it must be ‘adjacent to’ a ‘Space’ that does not contain a ‘Material entity’ that is a ‘Solid’; 3b. If the ‘Surface’ is a ‘Liquid’, it must be adjacent to a ‘Space’ that either: does not ‘contain’ any ‘Material entity’ (“empty space”), or else ‘contains’ a ‘Material entity’ that is ‘Solid’, ‘Semi-solid’, or ‘Gaseous’. It is assumed that even when two solid ‘Surfaces’ are “touching”, there is some (possibly infinitesimal) empty ‘Space’ between them. This is in contrast with a “join”, wherein two solid ‘Surfaces’ become materially fused (and, thus, cease to be ‘Surfaces’). Refer also to Patrick Hayes’ characterization of surfaces in his “Naive Physics I: Ontology for Liquids”. Patrick J. Hayes, “Naive Physics I: Ontology for Liquids,” in “Formal Theories of the Commonsense World,” ed. Jerry R. Hobbs and Robert C. Moore, 71 – 107 (Norwood, New Jersey: Ablex Publishing Corporation, 1985). Space 1 A ‘Space’ is an ‘Entity’ that ‘contains’ or does not ‘contain’ some ‘Material entity’, ‘is bounded by’ or is not ‘bounded by’ some ‘Spatial boundary’, and ‘has as a dimension’ at least one ‘Dimension’ The empty area (partially) contained by a cat’s left ear The expanse of the known universe Solid States of matter are left primitive in Roland:Top. However, ‘Solid’ may be considered as follows: a state of matter “characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume.” The marble used in Trajan’s column States of matter are left primitive in Roland:Top. However, ‘Solid’ may be considered as follows: a state of matter “characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume.” Wikipedia contributors, “Solid,” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solid&oldid=638404383 (accessed January 4, 2015). Liquid States of matter are left primitive in Roland:Top. However, ‘Liquid’ may be considered as follows: a state of matter “with a definite volume but no fixed shape.... Like a gas, a liquid is able to flow and take the shape of a container.” The water contained by the Mediterranean Sea States of matter are left primitive in Roland:Top. However, ‘Liquid’ may be considered as follows: a state of matter “with a definite volume but no fixed shape.... Like a gas, a liquid is able to flow and take the shape of a container.” Wikipedia contributors, “Liquid,” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liquid&oldid=635888639 (accessed January 4, 2015). Gaseous States of matter are left primitive in Roland:Top. However, ‘Gaseous’ may be considered as follows: a state of matter characterized by “the vast separation of the individual gas particles.... The interaction of gas particles in the presence of electric and gravitational fields are considered negligible...” The nitrogen in the Earth’s atmosphere States of matter are left primitive in Roland:Top. However, ‘Gaseous’ may be considered as follows: a state of matter characterized by “the vast separation of the individual gas particles.... The interaction of gas particles in the presence of electric and gravitational fields are considered negligible...” Wikipedia contributors, “Gas,” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gas&oldid=639808118 (accessed January 4, 2015). Semi-solid Melting wax States of matter are left primitive in Roland:Top. However, ‘Semi-solid’ may be considered as follows: “something that lies along the boundary between a solid and a liquid. While similar to a solid in some respects, in that [semi-solids] can support their own weight and hold their shapes, a [semi-solid] also shares some properties of liquids, such as conforming in shape to something applying pressure to it and the ability to flow under pressure.” States of matter are left primitive in Roland:Top. However, ‘Semi-solid’ may be considered as follows: “something that lies along the boundary between a solid and a liquid. While similar to a solid in some respects, in that [semi-solids] can support their own weight and hold their shapes, a [semi-solid] also shares some properties of liquids, such as conforming in shape to something applying pressure to it and the ability to flow under pressure.” Wikipedia contributors, “Quasi-solid,” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quasi-solid&oldid=619026283 (accessed January 4, 2015).